WEC and clerks share responsibility for maintaining the accuracy of voter registration records. Statutes require clerks to use WisVote to verify the accuracy of information provided by individuals who register to vote.

Statutes require WEC and the Department of Transportation (DOT) to attempt to verify personally identifiable information provided by individuals registering to vote with information on vehicle registrations, driver’s licenses, and state identification cards. We found that the personally identifiable information provided by 93.8 percent of the 957,977 individuals who registered to vote from January 1, 2020, through November 3, 2020, matched DOT’s information.

In examining the voter registration records of all individuals who voted absentee in the November 2020 General Election, we found 70 records in which either driver’s license or state identification card numbers matched the numbers in 70 separate records. The names and dates of birth of individuals associated with 24 of the 70 records matched similar information in 24 other records, suggesting that the 24 individuals had two active voter registration records. The data indicated that 4 of the 24 individuals may have voted twice in November 2020. We provided WEC’s staff with the names of these 24 individuals.

WEC obtains personally identifiable information related to deceased individuals from the Department of Health Services (DHS) and information related to those with ongoing felony sentences from the Department of Corrections (DOC). WisVote automatically compares this information with personally identifiable information in voter registration records and notifies the relevant clerks whenever potential matches are made. WEC’s staff instruct clerks to either inactivate a given record or determine that the potential match was erroneous and allow a given record to remain active.

We analyzed the extent to which clerks had acted on the potential matches from January 1, 2020, through November 3, 2020, including 33,473 potential matches based on information from DHS and 2,256 potential matches based on information from DOC. If a clerk does not act on a potential match for a given individual, WEC’s staff are uncertain whether the voter registration record is accurate. As of June 2021, clerks had either inactivated the voter registration records or allowed the records to remain active for all but eight individuals associated with potential matches based on information from DHS. As of September 2021, clerks had done so for one individual associated with potential matches based on information from DOC.

WEC did not have written data-sharing agreements with DOT or DHS at the time of our audit, and its agreement with DOC contained outdated information. We recommend WEC’s staff work with WEC to execute agreements with these three state agencies and improve how they identify potentially duplicate voter registration records.

Statutes require WEC to belong to the Electronic Registration Information Center (ERIC), which is a nonprofit organization that helps member states to improve the accuracy of their voter registration systems by providing personally identifiable information on certain individuals.

WEC can request that ERIC provide it with five types of data, including data on registered voters who may have voted multiple times in the same election as well as data on registered Wisconsin voters who may have moved within Wisconsin, moved to and registered to vote in other states, or submitted new address information to the National Change of Address program.

ERIC data can help to ensure that Wisconsin’s voter registration records are accurate and complete. From September 2016 to May 2021, WEC did not regularly obtain all five types of ERIC data. We recommend that WEC’s staff work with WEC to establish a schedule for regularly obtaining each type of ERIC data.

Statutes require each municipal clerk to attend WEC-approved training at least once every two-year period that begins on January 1 of an even-numbered year and ends on December 31 of the following year. WEC’s administrative rules require a clerk to attend three hours of training in order to receive initial certification and an additional three hours of training to maintain certification for the following two-year period. For the two-year period that ended in December 2019, 82.5 percent of municipal clerks reported having completed all required training.

WEC’s administrative rules require WEC to notify the governing body of a given municipality if a municipal clerk does not complete the statutorily required training. WEC’s staff indicated that they did not contact any governing bodies if clerks did not report having completed required training for the two-year period that ended in December 2019. Instead, WEC’s staff indicated that they contacted clerks and attempted to elicit their cooperation in completing and reporting the training.

In the November 2020 General Election, almost 2.0 million absentee ballots were cast, which was 59.6 percent of all ballots cast. Absentee ballots as a proportion of all ballots cast ranged from 74.4 percent in Dane County to 26.3 percent in Clark County.

An individual voting by absentee ballot typically must complete a certificate that includes statutorily required information, including the signature of the individual and the address and signature of a witness. Typically, certificates are the envelopes in which absentee ballots are returned to clerks.

We reviewed 14,710 certificates for absentee ballots cast in 29 municipalities in order to determine the extent to which they contained statutorily required information. Our review found:

• 1,022 certificates (6.9 percent) had partial witness addresses;
• 15 certificates (0.1 percent) did not have a witness address in its entirety;
• 8 certificates (less than 0.1 percent) did not have a witness signature; and
• 3 certificates (less than 0.1 percent) did not have a voter signature.

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Statutes require municipal clerks to write their initials on certificates in certain situations, including when individuals request absentee ballots in person at clerk offices, and statutes indicate that a ballot must not be counted if such a certificate is not initialed. We found that less than 1.0 percent of all certificates we reviewed in four municipalities contained clerk initials. Clerks at these municipalities indicated that they did not initial certificates for multiple reasons, including because the individuals who requested the ballots were registered and eligible to receive them; the clerks printed the names and addresses of the individuals on the certificates to signify the individuals were eligible to receive the ballots; and the clerks initialed the ballots rather than the certificates. We question whether the clerks in these four municipalities consistently complied with the statutory requirement for them to initial certificates in certain situations.

If WEC believes municipal clerks should be permitted to correct or add missing witness address information to certificates, WEC’s staff should work with WEC to promulgate administrative rules to permit clerks to take such actions. Promulgating administrative rules allows the Governor and the Legislature to participate in the process of determining how clerks are to act when they receive certificates that do not have statutorily required information, and administrative rules carry the force of law.

Statutes require a certificate to be mailed by the individual, or delivered in person, to the municipal clerk who issued the ballot. Statutes do not permit or prohibit ballot drop boxes. In March 2020, WEC’s staff issued written guidance indicating that municipal clerks can allow individuals to return absentee ballots to drop boxes. In response to our survey, 245 municipal clerks (28.7 percent of 855 clerks that responded to our survey) indicated that they used ballot drop boxes for the November 2020 General Election.

Statutes allow individuals to sign statements indicating they are indefinitely confined because of age, physical illness, or infirmity, or because they are disabled for an indefinite period. In the November 2020 General Election, 220,404 indefinitely confined individuals voted. WEC’s data indicated that 171,850 of these individuals had previously provided photo identification, and 48,554 individuals had not previously voted by methods that required them to have provided photo identification or did not have photo identifications on file with clerks. In December 2020, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that individuals must decide whether they are indefinitely confined.

Statutes set forth the exclusive means of absentee voting in person in residential care facilities and qualified retirement homes. A clerk must appoint at least two special voting deputies to supervise absentee voting by individuals living in such facilities and homes. In June 2020, during the public health emergency, WEC issued written guidance directing clerks not to send or attempt to send special voting deputies to facilities and homes but to instead mail absentee ballots to individuals living in these facilities and homes who requested the ballots. This guidance did not comply with statutes.

Statutes permit a municipal governing body to specify by ordinance that absentee ballots will be counted on Election Day at a central location, rather than at each polling place. During the November 2020 General Election, 39 municipalities counted absentee ballots at central count locations.

Statutes require poll workers to remake ballots if, for example, the electronic voting equipment cannot read ballots in poor condition, individuals select more candidates than allowed in a given contest, or individuals who are in the military or overseas return electronic ballots. Absentee ballots may be rejected if, for example, the accompanying certificates are incomplete. Our review of 662 Election Day forms that poll workers completed for the central count locations in the 39 municipalities found that:

• 12,237 ballots were remade (1.4 percent of all ballots cast in these municipalities); and
• 633 absentee ballots were rejected (less than 0.1 percent).

Statutes require elections officials to count ballots without adjourning until the counting is completed. In October 2020, WEC’s staff issued written guidance indicating that although statutes do not permit adjourning while counting ballots and that clerks should complete all required tasks before adjourning on Election Night, inevitable circumstances may require adjourning until the following day. This written guidance did not comply with statutes.

Statutes require a municipal governing body to establish polling places at least 30 days before an election. In March 2020, during the public health emergency, WEC approved written guidance indicating that municipal clerks can relocate polling places without approval from municipal governing bodies. As of August 2021, WEC had not retracted or modified its written guidance, which did not comply with statutes.

Upon receiving a recount petition from a candidate who lost an election by no more than 1.0 percent of the votes cast, statutes require either clerks or WEC to estimate the cost of the recount.

In both Milwaukee and Dane counties, the estimated recount costs and the actual recount costs increased considerably from 2016 to 2020. In both counties, the actual recount costs in 2016 were lower than the estimated recount costs, and the actual recount costs in 2020 were lower than the estimated recount costs. Statutes do not require WEC to ensure that the estimated costs and the actual costs are reasonable and appropriate.

Two other midwestern states limit recount costs that can be charged to petitioning candidates. Minnesota requires jurisdictions where recounts are conducted to make available at no cost all necessary equipment and facilities, and Michigan requires petitioning candidates to pay statutorily predetermined amounts.

Statutes require municipalities with 7,500 or more people to use electronic voting equipment, and all municipalities must equip each polling place with accessible voting equipment. In the November 2020 General Election, 1,178 municipalities (63.7 percent) used automatic tabulating equipment, 622 municipalities (33.6 percent) used direct recording equipment to electronically count some ballots and hand-counted other ballots, and 49 municipalities (2.7 percent) hand-counted all ballots.

Our review of 175 pre-election test results in 25 municipalities found that clerks conducted 50.3 percent of the tests within 10 days before the November 2020 General Election, as required by statutes. We found that 59 of 60 test results we reviewed in greater detail indicated that the equipment had accurately counted the votes for presidential candidates. One test result included insufficient documentation, which prevented us from making a determination.

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Statutes require each piece of electronic voting equipment that will count ballots to have a tamper-evident seal. On Election Day, statutes require poll workers to sign an Election Day form indicating that they certify the integrity of the seals. Our review of 589 forms from a random sample of 319 municipalities found that:

• 513 forms (87.1 percent) contained the expected initials of poll workers; and
• 76 forms (12.9 percent) did not contain all expected initials, which may indicate that the poll workers found problems with the seals or forgot to initial the forms.

Statutes require WEC to promulgate administrative rules that ensure the security, review, and verification of the software components used with electronic voting equipment approved by WEC. WEC’s administrative rules contained provisions for reviewing and verifying the equipment, but we found that WEC’s administrative rules did not address security-related issues.

We recommend WEC’s staff provide additional training to clerks on completing the pre-election tests, reviewing Election Day forms, and investigating relevant issues, including those related to tamper-evident seals. We also recommend WEC’s staff work with WEC to promulgate the statutorily required administrative rules for helping to ensure the security of software components used with electronic voting equipment.

After each General Election, statutes require WEC to audit the performance of each type of electronic voting equipment. In February 2021, WEC’s staff reported that municipal clerks and local election officials had hand-counted 145,100 ballots cast in the November 2020 General Election. WEC’s staff reported that the post-election audit determined the electronic voting equipment for the most part accurately counted ballots, but that one type of equipment erroneously counted creases in absentee ballots as votes for write-in candidates. WEC’s staff determined that this issue resulted from how the equipment had been programmed, and that this issue did not change the outcome of any contest.

Statutes require WEC to determine an error rate for each type of electronic voting equipment after each General Election. WEC’s staff did not report to WEC the statutorily required error rates for any electronic voting equipment used in the November 2020 General Election.

In Wisconsin, a post-election audit determines whether the electronic voting equipment counted ballots according to how it was programmed to count them. A risk-limiting audit, which is conducted in some other states, uses statistical methods to review a sample of ballots cast in order to determine voter intent and the validity of the election results.

In response to our survey, 791 municipal clerks (93.3 percent of those who responded) and 38 county clerks (64.4 percent) indicated they had received no written complaints about the November 2020 General Election. However, 57 municipal clerks and 21 county clerks indicated they had each received from 1 to 25 written complaints. Clerks indicated that the two most-common types of written complaints they received pertained to absentee ballots and alleged voter fraud.

Statutes allow WEC to investigate sworn, written complaints about alleged violations of election laws, as well as sworn, written complaints submitted by electors alleging that election officials acted contrary to the law in administering elections. As of late-May 2021, WEC had received 45 complaints regarding the November 2020 General Election. As of early-June 2021, 25 complaints were dismissed, 6 complaints were not yet resolved, 2 complaints were withdrawn, and 1 complaint resulted in a decision to direct an election official to follow election laws. The remaining 11 complaints concerned ballot access challenges, which challenge the nomination papers of candidates for elected office or the eligibility of candidates for elected office.

From January 2020 through mid-April 2021, 1,521 election-related concerns were provided to WEC through forms on its website. Concerns are not sworn complaints. WEC’s staff did not track whether or how they responded to concerns, and we recommend they do so.

WEC’s staff informed WEC about the status of submitted complaints and handled complaints in a timely manner. Although WEC’s staff relied on statutes to consider complaints, as well as administrative rules for considering complaints about the conduct of election officials, administrative rules for considering complaints alleging violations of election laws are no longer in effect. We recommend WEC’s staff work with WEC to promulgate administrative rules for considering complaints alleging violations of election laws.